Urinary incontinence
Urinary incontinence is a loss of bladder control, which means you sometimes pee unintentionally. It’s estimated that...

UTIs are infections of the bladder, kidneys or the tubes that carry urine. They're quite common in older people, but they're easily treated and there are steps you can take to prevent them.
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) can be roughly divided into 2 main types: lower UTIs and upper UTIs.
Lower UTIs are infections of the bladder or the urethra (the tubes which carry urine out of the body) – or both. If lower UTIs are left untreated, they can progress into upper UTIs.
Upper UTIs are infections of the kidneys or the ureter (the tubes which connect the kidneys to the bladder) – or both. Upper UTIs are more serious and can lead to kidney damage if they're left untreated.
Given that lower and upper UTIs affect different parts of the body, there are also some important differences between their symptoms.
Lower UTIs can have the following symptoms:
If your only symptom is dark or smelly urine, you might just not have been drinking enough water.
Symptoms of upper UTIs include:
In older people, UTI symptoms may be mistaken for another condition, such as dementia. This is because UTIs can cause severe confusion which develops quickly over a few days, especially in older people. However, it's important not to jump to conclusions – if you're at all worried, you should see your doctor or another healthcare professional.
UTIs are caused by bacteria entering the urinary tract, most commonly bacteria from poo – wiping back to front after going to the toilet, urinary catheters or having sex can increase the risk of developing a UTI.
Older people are more susceptible to UTIs due to a weaker flow of urine, meaning the bladder doesn't fully empty.
In men, an enlarged prostate can also make it difficult to empty the bladder completely. This can lead to bacteria building up in the urine and bladder.
Women are more likely to develop UTIs than men, as bacteria can reach the bladder more easily in women.
As well as the above, there are some other things which put you at a higher risk of contracting a UTI, such as:
Whilst having sex can increase your risk of getting a UTI, UTIs are not contagious.
If you're experiencing UTI symptoms, make an appointment with your doctor or other healthcare professional. You may need to give a urine sample to help them diagnose what's causing your symptoms.
If you do have a UTI, you'll probably be prescribed a course of antibiotics. Your doctor should advise on how long you should take the antibiotics.
If you're prescribed antibiotics, symptoms will usually begin to improve within 3 to 5 days.
If you suspect you have a kidney infection or an upper UTI, call 111.
The symptoms may include: a very high or very low temperature, confusion, pain in the lower tummy or back, and blood in your urine. The professionals you speak to will be able to advise on the best course of treatment depending on your symptoms. If the infection is severe, you may be referred to a hospital for further tests and treatment.
As well as any treatment prescribed to you, you should also rest and drink lots of fluids. You can also take paracetamol for the pain. Seek advice from your pharmacist if you're unsure about the best type of pain relief.
Although it's not always possible to prevent UTIs, there are certain things you can do to minimise your risk of developing one.
If you or someone you look after needs help washing, going to the toilet or getting dressed, it's important to get the help that both you and them need.
If someone with dementia or memory problems develops a UTI, they may quickly become more confused or agitated, or you might notice a sudden change in their behaviour. This sudden confusion is also known as 'delirium'.
A person with dementia may not be able to communicate how they feel, so if you notice a sudden or drastic change in them, seek medical advice. Infections can speed up the progression of dementia, so it's important to get help quickly if you suspect someone has a UTI.
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